{"id":10189,"date":"2025-12-29T11:42:15","date_gmt":"2025-12-29T11:42:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/2025\/12\/29\/meteahna-care-ucide-romania-si-e-mult-mai-grava-decat-coruptia-economist-expune-statul-la-captura\/"},"modified":"2025-12-29T11:42:15","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T11:42:15","slug":"meteahna-care-ucide-romania-si-e-mult-mai-grava-decat-coruptia-economist-expune-statul-la-captura","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/2025\/12\/29\/meteahna-care-ucide-romania-si-e-mult-mai-grava-decat-coruptia-economist-expune-statul-la-captura\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201eMeteahna\u201d care ucide Rom\u00e2nia \u0219i e mult mai grav\u0103 dec\u00e2t corup\u021bia. Economist: \u201eExpune statul la captur\u0103\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u00cenainte s\u0103 trat\u0103m corup\u021bia ca \u201eboala originar\u0103\u201d \u0219i s\u0103 sper\u0103m c\u0103 restul se aliniaz\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 trat\u0103m incompeten\u021ba statului, sus\u021bine economistul Sebastian Buhai, \u00eentr-un eseu cu reflec\u021bii de final de an despre Rom\u00e2nia. <\/p>\n

\"Sebastian<\/picture>\n

Sebastian Buhai face o analiz\u0103 de final de an a situa\u021biei din \u021bar\u0103. FOTO: Arhiv\u0103 personal\u0103<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Economistul Sebastian Buhai, cercet\u0103tor asociat la Universitatea din Stockholm \u0219i la Institutul de Economie din cadrul Universit\u0103\u021bii Catolice din Chile, a pus \u00een eseul \u201eStat \u0219i pia\u021b\u0103 \u00een armonie \u2013 cheia coeziunii Rom\u00e2niei?\u201d<\/a> un diagnostic nuan\u021bat Rom\u00e2niei la final de 2025: \u201e\u00eenainte s\u0103 trat\u0103m corup\u021bia ca \u201eboala originar\u0103\u201d \u0219i s\u0103 sper\u0103m c\u0103 restul se aliniaz\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 trat\u0103m capacitatea statului de a g\u00e2ndi, de a executa \u0219i de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba ca variabila decisiv\u0103.\u201d <\/i><\/p>\n

Buhai aminte\u0219te de afirma\u021bia pe care a f\u0103cut-o \u00eentr-un interviu<\/a> \u00een urm\u0103 cu doi ani: \u201eCeea ce ne ucide \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, de c\u00e2nd lumea practic, este incompeten\u021ba cras\u0103 a factorilor de decizie \u0219i, \u00een opinia mea, asta mult \u00eenainte de corup\u021bie \u0219i alte metehne. Desigur, sunt legate: doar dac\u0103 e\u0219ti incompetent, po\u021bi s\u0103 fii corupt sau coruptibil\u201d.<\/i><\/p>\n

Propozi\u021bia nu trebuie citit\u0103 literal, ca o afirma\u021bie psihologic\u0103 despre indivizi, precizeaz\u0103 economistul:\u00a0\u201eIstoria are suficiente exemple de corup\u021bie sofisticat\u0103, proiectat\u0103 \u0219i administrat\u0103 de oameni competen\u021bi. Dar, \u00een sens institu\u021bional, teza are putere explicativ\u0103: <\/i>corup\u021bia devine endemic\u0103 \u0219i scalabil\u0103 acolo unde guvernarea nu are proceduri robuste<\/a>, nu are instrumente de analiz\u0103, nu are date, nu are mecanisme de verificare \u0219i nu are o administra\u021bie capabil\u0103 s\u0103 aplice reguli consecvent. \u00centr-un asemenea mediu, chiar \u0219i deciden\u021bi relativ one\u0219ti ajung s\u0103 opereze prin improviza\u021bie, excep\u021bii \u0219i discre\u021bie. Iar discre\u021bia, atunci c\u00e2nd nu este \u00eencadrat\u0103 de competen\u021b\u0103, transparen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i responsabilizare, nu r\u0103m\u00e2ne neutr\u0103. Se transform\u0103 \u00een rent\u0103 administrativ\u0103, adic\u0103 \u00een valoarea economic\u0103 a unei semn\u0103turi, a unei interpret\u0103ri, a unei scutiri, a unei \u00eent\u00e2rzieri.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

Incompeten\u021ba ca fenomen institu\u021bional<\/h2>\n

\u00cen economia institu\u021bional\u0103, ceea ce Buhai nume\u0219te aici \u201eincompeten\u021b\u0103 sistemic\u0103\u201d se suprapune peste conceptul de capacitate de stat: \u201eabilitatea de a mobiliza resurse (\u00een special venituri fiscale), de a produce reguli credibile \u0219i de a furniza bunuri publice (infrastructur\u0103, educa\u021bie, s\u0103n\u0103tate, justi\u021bie), printr-un aparat administrativ profesionist \u0219i predictibil (e.g., Besley \u0219i Persson, 2009). Aceast\u0103 capacitate nu este o metafor\u0103. \u00centr-un studiu comparativ clasic, Evans \u0219i Rauch arat\u0103 c\u0103 structurile birocratice de tip weberian (recrutare meritocratic\u0103, cariere previzibile, coeren\u021b\u0103 administrativ\u0103) sunt asociate cu performan\u021be economice mai bune (Evans \u0219i Rauch, 1999).<\/i>\u201d<\/p>\n

Pia\u021ba func\u021bioneaz\u0103 productiv doar c\u00e2nd statul furnizeaz\u0103 infrastructura invizibil\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 de care \u201elibertatea economic\u0103\u201d devine, \u00een practic\u0103, selec\u021bie advers\u0103 \u0219i acces diferen\u021biat la oportunit\u0103\u021bi. \u201eDe Grauwe surprinde interdependen\u021ba \u00een formula sa de \u201efra\u021bi gemeni\u201d: pia\u021ba nu poate exista f\u0103r\u0103 stat, iar statul nu poate exista f\u0103r\u0103 pia\u021b\u0103 (De Grauwe, 2017, cap. 9). Dar interdependen\u021ba nu garanteaz\u0103, desigur, armonia. Dimpotriv\u0103, ea poate explica fragilitatea: c\u00e2nd statul nu \u00ee\u0219i poate executa func\u021biile de baz\u0103, pia\u021ba nu se \u201eautocorecteaz\u0103\u201d miraculos; se deformeaz\u0103. Iar c\u00e2nd pia\u021ba se deformeaz\u0103, presiunea politic\u0103 asupra statului cre\u0219te, exact \u00een momentul \u00een care statul este cel mai pu\u021bin capabil s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 coerent\u201d, <\/i>explic\u0103 economistul.\u00a0<\/p>\n

De aceea, una dintre ideile cele mai utile ale lui De Grauwe pentru Rom\u00e2nia este, din perspectiva lui Buhai, distan\u021ba dintre prescrip\u021bie \u0219i execu\u021bie: \u201efaptul c\u0103 \u201e\u0219tim\u201d ce ar trebui s\u0103 fac\u0103 guvernele nu implic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 acestea vor reu\u0219i s\u0103 fac\u0103 acel lucru, pentru c\u0103 \u00eentre \u201ear trebui\u201d \u0219i \u201ese face\u201d stau selec\u021bia oamenilor, procedurile, datele, cultura organiza\u021bional\u0103 \u0219i capacitatea de implementare (De Grauwe, 2017, cap. 6). \u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, aceast\u0103 distan\u021b\u0103 a devenit un regim de func\u021bionare, nu o excep\u021bie.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

Cum se vede incompeten\u021ba sistemic\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia <\/h2>\n

\u201eIncompeten\u021ba sistemic\u0103\u201d nu este un verdict moral, ci o descriere a unor deficite recurente, pe care le putem observa \u00een mod repetat \u00een patru locuri. Buhai exemplific\u0103:<\/p>\n

(i) Politici f\u0103r\u0103 date, deci f\u0103r\u0103 \u0219ans\u0103 real\u0103 de evaluare.<\/b> \u00centr-un interviu despre plafon\u0103ri \u0219i interven\u021bii pe pre\u021buri, economistul a spus direct: \u201eDatele lipsesc. Nu se face cercetare. \u00cen Rom\u00e2nia nu se colecteaz\u0103 date de economie \u00een general\u201d<\/i>. Formularea este dur\u0103, dar mecanismul este simplu. F\u0103r\u0103 date, nu po\u021bi testa ipoteze. F\u0103r\u0103 teste, nu po\u021bi estima efecte. F\u0103r\u0103 estim\u0103ri, nu po\u021bi prioritiza. Iar f\u0103r\u0103 prioritizare, guvernarea se transform\u0103 \u00eentr-o succesiune de m\u0103suri reactive, \u00een care comunicarea substituie analiza. \u00centr-o economie de pia\u021b\u0103, asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 incertitudine, distorsiuni \u0219i, inevitabil, c\u0103utarea de excep\u021bii.<\/p>\n

(ii) Strategii f\u0103r\u0103 arhitectur\u0103 de implementare, adic\u0103 \u201epolitici ca gen literar\u201d.<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00centr-o critic\u0103 tehnic\u0103 a unui document programatic de tip \u201eraport de \u021bar\u0103\u201d, Buhai a indicat exact genul de deficite care transform\u0103 un plan din instrument \u00een decor: absen\u021ba metodologiei, absen\u021ba analizei politicilor existente, lipsa buget\u0103rii multianuale, lipsa indicatorilor de rezultat \u0219i lipsa mecanismelor de monitorizare \u0219i evaluare. <\/p>\n

(iii) Capacitate fiscal\u0103 sc\u0103zut\u0103: stat mic prin venituri\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

\u201eUn stat care nu colecteaz\u0103 venituri nu poate furniza bunuri publice, nu poate investi \u00een competen\u021b\u0103 administrativ\u0103 \u0219i ajunge s\u0103 compenseze prin improviza\u021bie: deficit, taxe ad-hoc, excep\u021bii, amnistii, schimb\u0103ri dese. Rom\u00e2nia se afl\u0103 constant \u00een partea inferioar\u0103 a distribu\u021biei UE la ponderea veniturilor din taxe \u0219i contribu\u021bii sociale \u00een PIB (Eurostat, 2025c). Mai granular, la TVA, un indicator clasic al eficien\u021bei colect\u0103rii, Comisia European\u0103 estimeaz\u0103 pentru Rom\u00e2nia un \u201eVAT compliance gap\u201d de 30,0% \u00een 2023, cel mai ridicat din UE (Comisia European\u0103, 2025e)\u201d<\/i>, explic\u0103 economistul. <\/p>\n

Nu at\u00e2t nivelul formal al taxelor este problema, spune Buhai, c\u00e2t \u00eencasarea lor \u0219i, \u00een spate, \u00eencrederea contribuabilului c\u0103 statul transform\u0103 impozitele \u00een servicii.<\/p>\n

(iv) Resurse umane \u0219i management public\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Buhai a descris un mecanism administrativ care, dac\u0103 ar fi proiectat inten\u021bionat pentru a produce mediocritate<\/a>, ar ar\u0103ta aproape la fel: \u201enu au stimulente [\u2026] nimeni nu e pl\u0103tit \u00een func\u021bie de performan\u021b\u0103 [\u2026] avansarea nu se face \u00een func\u021bie de calitate\u201d, iar \u201eorganigrama este rigid\u0103\u201d, ceea ce blocheaz\u0103 angajarea rapid\u0103 de speciali\u0219ti acolo unde apar nevoi noi\u201d<\/i>. <\/p>\n

\u201eC\u00e2nd recompensele nu urmeaz\u0103 performan\u021ba, oamenii competen\u021bi au stimulente s\u0103 nu intre sau s\u0103 plece, iar cei r\u0103ma\u0219i \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 c\u0103 succesul depinde mai mult de conformare informal\u0103 dec\u00e2t de rezultate. \u00cen timp, statul nu doar \u201efunc\u021bioneaz\u0103 prost\u201d. \u00ce\u0219i pierde chiar capacitatea de a coordona societatea \u0219i economia\u201d<\/i>, arat\u0103 economistul. <\/p>\n

De ce incompeten\u021ba \u201eprecede\u201d corup\u021bia: sl\u0103biciunea institu\u021bional\u0103 expune statul la captur\u0103\u00a0<\/h2>\n

\u00cen defini\u021bia standard, corup\u021bia este abuz de putere public\u0103 pentru c\u00e2\u0219tig privat. Dar amploarea ei depinde de arhitectura institu\u021bional\u0103. \u00cen modelul simplu al lui Klitgaard, corup\u021bia cre\u0219te c\u00e2nd exist\u0103 monopol decizional \u0219i discre\u021bie \u0219i scade c\u00e2nd exist\u0103 responsabilizare (Klitgaard, 1988), arat\u0103 economistul.<\/p>\n

Incompeten\u021ba sistemic\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca multiplicator, prin cel pu\u021bin trei mecanisme:<\/p>\n

Cre\u0219te discre\u021bia, pentru c\u0103 regulile sunt incomplete, contradictorii, schimbate frecvent sau aplicate neuniform, iar interpretarea devine instrument de guvernare, nu excep\u021bie justificat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Scade responsabilizarea, pentru c\u0103 lipsesc indicatori, evalu\u0103ri, audit ex post \u0219i \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare institu\u021bional\u0103. Dac\u0103 nu m\u0103sori, nu po\u021bi \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba. Dac\u0103 nu \u00eenve\u021bi, repe\u021bi. Dac\u0103 repe\u021bi, normalizezi e\u0219ecul.<\/p>\n

Cre\u0219te renta administrativ\u0103, adic\u0103 valoarea economic\u0103 a unui aviz, a unei excep\u021bii, a unei \u00eent\u00e2rzieri sau a unei semn\u0103turi. \u00centr-un sistem competent, aceste puncte sunt standardizate, digitalizate, verificabile. \u00centr-un sistem incompetent, devin oportunit\u0103\u021bi.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u00cen plus, sl\u0103biciunea institu\u021bional\u0103 expune statul la captur\u0103. De Grauwe insist\u0103 c\u0103 guvernele opereaz\u0103 \u00een condi\u021bii de asimetrii informa\u021bionale \u0219i sunt vulnerabile la manipularea informa\u021biei de c\u0103tre grupuri organizate, ceea ce poate conduce la capitalism de cumetrie \u0219i captur\u0103 (De Grauwe, 2017, cap. 7; Buhai, 2018; cf. Zingales, 2012). C\u00e2nd capacitatea analitic\u0103 \u0219i administrativ\u0103 este joas\u0103, costul capturii scade, iar randamentul ei cre\u0219te\u201d, <\/i>arat\u0103 el. <\/p>\n

Prioritatea corect\u0103: anticorup\u021bie prin capacitate\u00a0<\/h2>\n

\u201eNimic din cele de mai sus nu relativizeaz\u0103 anticorup\u021bia. O completeaz\u0103\u201d<\/i>, arat\u0103 economistul. Anticorup\u021bia f\u0103r\u0103 construc\u021bie concomitent\u0103 de capacitate risc\u0103 s\u0103 devin\u0103 un proiect incomplet: poate produce sanc\u021biuni punctuale, dar las\u0103 intact\u0103 fabrica de discre\u021bie, improviza\u021bie \u0219i rente. \u201eIar aceast\u0103 fabric\u0103, mai devreme sau mai t\u00e2rziu, produce backlash: cinism social, oboseal\u0103 institu\u021bional\u0103 \u0219i apetitul pentru solu\u021bii anti-institu\u021bionale\u201d<\/i>, detaliaz\u0103 el. <\/p>\n

De aceea, \u00een interven\u021bii publice recente, Buhai a formulat explicit agenda de profesionalizare \u00een termeni de infrastructur\u0103, nu de lozinci: digitalizarea serviciilor publice, recrutare meritocratic\u0103, salarizare competitiv\u0103 \u00een zone-cheie, audituri independente \u0219i, mai general, un sistem \u00een care performan\u021ba devine criteriu real, nu ornament retoric. <\/p>\n

\u201e\u00cen acela\u0219i registru am argumentat pentru diferen\u021biere strategic\u0103 a remunera\u021biei \u00een profesii critice, cu criterii transparente \u0219i monitorizare, tocmai pentru a corecta penuria de competen\u021be acolo unde statul are nevoie de ele ca s\u0103 func\u021bioneze (Buhai, 2025e). A trata competen\u021ba ca bun public \u00eenseamn\u0103, literal, a o finan\u021ba, a o organiza \u0219i a o proteja de clientelism, nu a o invoca\u201d,<\/i> arat\u0103 el.<\/p>\n

Armonia stat-pia\u021b\u0103 \u00eencepe cu un stat care \u0219tie s\u0103 fac\u0103 lucruri<\/h2>\n

\u201eTema general\u0103 a acestui eseu, armonia dintre stat \u0219i pia\u021b\u0103, ajunge aici la un criteriu verificabil: un stat competent este acela care poate transforma reguli \u00een rezultate, taxe \u00een servicii \u0219i politici \u00een implementare. Rom\u00e2nia tr\u0103ie\u0219te de prea mult timp \u00eentr-un regim invers, \u00een care improviza\u021bia este confundat\u0103 cu flexibilitatea, iar \u201em\u0103surile pe genunchi\u201d sunt prezentate drept pragmatism. C\u00e2nd devine greu, ne sprijinim pe ancore externe, fonduri, reguli, standarde. Uneori e salvator. Dar devine tragic atunci c\u00e2nd substituie construc\u021bia intern\u0103<\/i>\u201d, arat\u0103 economistul. <\/p>\n

\u00cen logica pendulului, Rom\u00e2nia risc\u0103 s\u0103 cear\u0103 pie\u021be \u201eca \u00een Vest\u201d f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 stat \u201eca \u00een Vest\u201d. \u201eOr, pia\u021ba nu este doar libertate, ci \u0219i ordine. Iar ordinea economic\u0103 \u00eentr-o democra\u021bie \u00eencepe cu competen\u021ba institu\u021biilor, nu cu inspira\u021bia de moment a deciden\u021bilor<\/i>\u201d, concluzioneaz\u0103 el. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cenainte s\u0103 trat\u0103m corup\u021bia ca \u201eboala originar\u0103\u201d \u0219i s\u0103 sper\u0103m c\u0103 restul se aliniaz\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 trat\u0103m incompeten\u021ba statului, sus\u021bine economistul Sebastian Buhai, \u00eentr-un eseu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10190,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-popular"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10189","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10189"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10189\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10190"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10189"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10189"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/info-eforie.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10189"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}